government expenditure

Generally, the economy works as either a free economy or a communist economy. But the most accepted free economy also needs government interference sometimes. There are interventions made by controlling authorities for shaping the economy and help the economy to grow well.

Central Bank

Central Bank such as RBI concerns managing the economic cycle which is mainly through inflation and employment. Inflation has a two type –

Demand-pull where the demand for products increases more than of supply.
Cost-push where prices of labor and raw materials increases.

Central Bank involves in reducing money supply in the economy through increased interest rates, selling of securities which resulted in lower demand due to lower availability of money and inflation comes down.

Such an act also hampers the growth of an economy.

When it comes to generating more employment in the economy then the central bank increases the money supply to the economy through reducing interest rates, purchases of securities (quantitative easing), etc.

Central Bank has to maintain a balance between employment generation and limiting inflation.

INTEREST RATE CUTS: DOES IT PROVIDE LONG-TERM BENEFITS?

Government

The government has a wide area of responsibilities and the economy is one of those. The government has the main tool for managing the economic cycle is fiscal which includes taxing and spending. So, for stimulating the economy, government cuts tax, increases government spending, provides stimulus packages. Government reversely increase taxes, reduce spending and another stimulus when they feel that the economy is overheating.

Also, the government has to look after the deficit which results in the increases in debt levels.

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The above stimulus will invite higher taxes when either economy overheating or debt level of economy crossing limits.

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If higher taxes and lower spending by the government with the fiscal surplus resulted in the lower down of debt level and the fund goes out of the economy. Reversely, lower taxes and higher spending by the government bring more fiscal deficits and that will have resulted in the increasing borrowing levels.

Similarly, currently, Government has cut corporate tax rates in India and this will have resulted in the above process mentioned in rate cut but in a longer period, this lower tax can be increasing a debt level. India is a developing economy that requires higher government spending as well so that that will surely going to increases a deficit and will increase a debt level. But for stimulating growth in the economy it is a welcome step. Otherwise, the economy starts failing. The government has to take appropriate steps whenever requires.

Disclosure – Companies mentioned in the article are just for an example & educational purpose. It is not a buy/sell/ hold recommendation.

Read for more detail: Mastering The Market Cycle: Getting the odds on your side by Mr.Howard Marks

I have written on this topic is due to current market fall and fear into the mind of an investor. We are seeing many uncertainties hindering the growth of the economy, rising crude oil prices, commodity prices, fiscal deficit, banks NPA, government expenditure, rising interest rate, the success of GST, structural changes into the economy. All such events will impact the growth of business positively or negatively. If we try to put all such events into different scenarios then we can come to know what can be a probable return from SENSEX in coming 10 years.

For the calculation of probable return, I have taken a formula which is given by John P. Hussman. John P. Hussman is the U.S.A stock market analyst and owner of the hedge fund.

Formula –

Annualized Return (%) = (1+g)(future PE or P/BV / current PE or P/BV)^(1/T) – 1 + dividend yield (current PE or P/BV / future PE or P/BV + 1) / 2

G = Business earning growth, P/E = Price to Earnings ratio, P/BV = Price to Book Value ratio

Return of our investment is based on –

Business Earning Growth – Our investment return will grow if particular business earning will grow. Investment return is directly related with the earning of a business. If business survives for the longer period of time with generating the higher return on invested capital with earnings growth then we will able to earn a decent return from particular business.

Dividends – Dividends comes from the earning of the company. If a company distributes dividends to shareholders with growing earnings, the dividend is an additional return for the shareholders with the appreciation of business value. As per Mr.Buffett, if the company does not have a reinvesting opportunity available or business does not able to generate a higher return than the cost of capital then management should distribute earnings in form of dividends.

Changes in the valuation – the Stock price of the particular business is also affected by the changes in the valuation such as changes into the P/E, P/BV, P/S (Price to Sales) or Market Cap to Sales, etc.

Assumptions –

Dividend yield (%) is assumed to be 0.50% to 1.00%.
Business Earning Growth (%) is assumed 3.50% (a rate, which is half of the current GDP growth), 7% (current GDP growth rate) and 14% (twice of current GDP growth rate). Assuming average earnings growth of various businesses comprises SENSEX.
Future P/E taken as 19x (Historical average of last 20 years since the year 1998), 21x (10% premium on historical average P/E) and 23x (20% premium on historical average P/E).
Future P/BV taken as 3.29x (Historical average of last 20 years since the year 1998), 3.62x (10% premium on historical average P/BV) and 3.95x (20% premium on historical average P/BV).

SENSEX

We can use a similar kind of valuation matrix for the particular business itself. Here, I have also shown valuation calculation of an air cooler manufacturing company of India, I have calculated as I was at the year 2012 and what can be a probable return from particular business till the year 2022.

Stock 1

If we consider actual business performance then sales of the company have been grown by 17% CAGR since the year 2012 to the year 2018. But the stock price has been increased to Rs.2209 (high price and the current price is Rs.967) from Rs.130. This entire return is come to the stock only because of valuation multiple expansion such as P/E, P/BV, EV/EBITDA etc. Similar period has P/E increased to 85x (high P/E and current P/E is 46x) from 23.63x and P/BV increased to 33x (high P/BV and current P/BV is 11x) from 5.84x.

Disclosure – I am not using this valuation matrix in my investment journey till now. This is only one of the valuation matrix and we need to use a different appropriate valuation matrix for reaching to a value range.

Learn matrix from –

http://hussmanfunds.com/wmc/wmc050222.htm

https://www.gurufocus.com/stock-market-valuations.php